Foreshadowing in a Tale of Two Cities free essay sample

All through A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, Charles Dickens utilizes hinting to facilitate the plot of the novel. Dickens anticipates the plot in various manners. In Chapter Five of Book One, Dickens the wine that spills into the lanes as an analogy for the blood spilled in the upheaval. Outside of a wine-shop, a wine container is broken in the road. Numerous individuals surge around the puddle on the ground attempting to scoop it up and drink as much as could reasonably be expected. Dickens depicts this by saying All the individuals close enough had suspended their business†¦. Dampness wine-spoiled pieces with enthusiastic relish on pages 34 35. This demonstrates how urgent the individuals are. A man composes the word BLOOD on a divider close to where the container tore open. This portends the savagery of the boisterous hordes later in the novel. This scene calls attention to how ruined the individuals of Paris are and how boisterous a group can become when they are brought together under an assembled cause. We will compose a custom article test on Portending in a Tale of Two Cities or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The breaking of the wine container likewise traces one of the topics of the book, which is dimness, and gives a dim, desolate environment to the story and the theme ‘blood’. Another case of anticipating inside the novel is Madame Defarges weaving. Madame Defarge is a disdainful character in the book and she and her significant other are the pioneer of the Jaquerie, a gathering a people that are arranging the unrest. Madame Defarges weaving anticipates the up and coming upheaval, in that she is sewing a register of individuals that she accepts must be executed. Likewise, her weaving portends the detainment and passing of Charles Darnay, just as the brutality that will before long come. Madame Defarge’s weaving ends up being substantially more than simply sewing and it foreshadowed the savage viciousness that would happen later in the novel. The book presents another character called the Marquis St. Evremonde in Book the Second: The Golden Thread part 7. Marquis is a narrow minded, haughty blue-blood. The Marquis sees average folks just as they were as immaterial as steers. Coming back to his home from Paris, the Marquis’ carriage hits a little youngster and slaughters him. Everybody around him that was on the road are stunned by this episode yet the Marquis isn't in any way shape or form conciliatory and says It is exceptional to me that you individuals can't deal with yourself and your youngsters. Either of you is for ever in the manner. How would I know what injury you have done my ponies? See! Give him cap on page 129. Not long after this occasion, the dad of the little youngster, Gaspard looks for retribution on the Marquis, by executing him. This anticipates the future upheaval by indicating the lower class loathsome and ascending against the class foul play which was available all through this season of history in France. In the novel, there were numerous examples where Dickens foreshadowed the coming insurgency. The creator utilized the occurrence of the wine barrel tearing open in the road to underscore how neediness stricken the ordinary citizens of France were and how turbulent a horde of individuals joined around a typical reason can be. He likewise utilized Madame Defarge’s sewing, as a method of hinting the way Charles Darnay, and numerous others, would be detained and kick the bucket at the progressives preliminaries. Notwithstanding that, Dickens utilized Gaspard’s retribution on the Marquis St. Evremonde as a method of indicating the contact between the lower class and the high society and as a method of showing the lower class face the severe blue-bloods. Charles Dickens utilization of hinting made his story additionally intriguing and hade an extraordinary impact in his novel A Tale of Two Cities.

Pakistan’s Educational System

The training arrangement of Pakistan is one is the least-created on the planet. Until 1947, the instructive framework depended on the British frontier instructive framework. In 1947, Pakistan picked up autonomy coming about because of the segment of the Indian subcontinent into the conditions of India and Pakistan. The pioneer framework was specific. It was intended to teach a little area of the populace to run the legislature. Notwithstanding the progressions since freedom, the Pakistani instruction framework has kept its pilgrim framework, to forestall the lose of absence of education. Pakistan’s instructive framework is isolated into five levels. The pre-college training incorporates four levels. The first is the essential level, which is grades one to five. At that point, the center level comprising of evaluations six to eight. Next is the significant level, grades nine and ten. At that point is the middle of the road level which is levels eleven and twelve, prompting a certificate in expressions or science. There is additionally a college level, which lead to undergrad and advanced educations. The Pakistani instructive framework depends on expelling political force from nearby levels and gather it in a focal position. The entirety of the organizations engaged with scholastic and specialized instruction, up to the middle of the road level are constrained by the Ministry of Education. For any training programs over those levels, there is an administration empowered college in the four Pakistani areas. The four areas are Punjab, Baluchistan, and the North West Frontier. The colleges are in charge of sorting out guidelines and tests for their region. Separate from the Ministry of Education, different services manage certain degree programs. Other private and philanthropic school and colleges have begun to come up in Pakistan. A few models are the Lahore University of Management Sciences and the Aga Khan clinical University in Karachi. Since they are secretly supported, they give an opportunity to advanced education for a little part of individuals who don't have the chance to seek after their training at freely financed colleges, that have restricted yearly confirmation. In spite of the plans of the Pakistani government, the instructive framework has neglected to dispose of absence of education after their time of freedom. It has additionally neglected to show various individuals to address the issues of the nation in various fields. This had been a significant disablement to the nation’s financial turn of events. The administration changes in the 1950’s, 1960’s, and 1970’s didn't raise these issue. They principally centered around supplanting English, the provincial language of training, with Urdu, the language of most Pakistanis. The changes likewise prompted the creation school open. Managing the blemishes of the instructive framework, the Pakistani government sorted out new changes in the late 1980’s and mid 1990’s. These made three significant procedures start. The legislature privatized the school that were made open in the 1970’s. It additionally dropped the way toward making Urdu the language of instruction and urged to return to English language in tuition based schools. At long last, the legislature focused on Pakistani examinations and Islamic investigations as two significant pieces of the educational program. This was a significant change from provincial education’s dependent on British history and English writing. The progressions have improved the instructive framework and have expanded the quantity of educated Pakistanis, yet there are still a few battles. Instructive financing is low. Additionally, there is minimal political endeavors to make enhancements. Pakistan’s costs on training isn't sufficient to meet the developing requirements for instruction administrations for the nation’s expanding populace. Then again, In the 1999-2000 school year, government spending on training was 2 percent of Pakistan’s net national item. This sum shows a decline from 1995-1997. School enlistment likewise expanded from 19 percent in 1980 to 24 percent in 1990. The Pakistani instructive framework demonstrated a ton of victimization ladies. This shamefulness was appeared in the example of education, which shows a solid connection among sex and proficiency rates. The lack of education rate is exceptionally high among Pakistani ladies all things considered. In 1998, the grown-up absence of education raters were 42 percent for guys and 71 percent for females. Around the same time, the lack of education rate for male youth and female youth was 25 and 53 percent. This sexual orientation based bias has added to the proceeded with absence of education and deficiency of instructed individuals and has impactsly affected the underdevelopment of Pakistan. The instructive arrangement of Pakistan has been not able to address the issues of instructive prerequisites of the Pakistanis. The framework needs extraordinary venture to expand the quantity of instructive establishments and to prepare and locate an adequate measure of teachers at all levels. The Pakistani government has constrained money related assets, which isn't sufficient to meet all of Pakistan’s needs. Added to the cash spend on account of the precarious relations among India and Pakistan and a gigantic remote obligation further diminish the accessible assets for instructive purposes. Except if the compounding Pakistani economy improves there is little trust in a noteworthy change in Pakistan’s instructive framework later on.

Read Your Way Through Mexico City

Read Your Way Through Mexico City Late in January, I visited Mexico City. I escaped the frigid temperatures of the Midwest and dove into the world of sunlight and open-air bookstores, agave plants and early-morning tamales. But as I left, I had an important question: What should I bring to read? What books about Mexico City would best occupy me while I saw and explored the real thing? I prefer to read books set in the place Im visiting, and by authors who are from the country Im in. I think that it both feels more legit that wayâ€"youre connected to the place youre visiting both when youre in and out of your bookâ€"but also that it helps me find authors I havent read before, or pull me to classics that I should have read but havent yet, especially by authors of color. There are so many Mexican and Mexican-American authors that I should have read way earlier! And so much about Mexican history that I didnt and should have known. After my own digging for recommendations, here are my tips on what read if youre visiting Mexico City, or if you just want to read more by some great Mexican or Mexican-American authors. As I visited the best bookish places in Mexico City, I dug into some of this fiction, and looked for these books on the shelves. Fiction Caramelo by Sandra Cisneros This is what I read throughout nearly my entire trip, and it was a sheer joy. Cisneross writing is full of humor, joy, vivid descriptions, snappy dialogue, and fun. Its about Lala Reyes. Her family is visiting Mexico City from Chicago to stay with the Awful Grandmother. As the story unspools both backward and forwardâ€"into Lalas coming of age and also back into the life story of the Awful Grandmotherâ€"you get this vivid picture of the Reyes family and its women, and their complex identities. Its a gorgeous, fun book and was my perfect companionâ€"I carried it up the pyramids, propped it up on the train ride to Coyoacán, and finished it in a quiet place in Chapultepec Park. View this post on Instagram Once in the land of los nopales, before all the dogs were named after Woodrow Wilson, during that epoch when people still danced el chotís, el cancán, and el vals to a violín, violoncelo, and salterio, at the nose of a hill where a goddess appeared to an Indian, in that city founded when a serpent-devouring eagle perched on a cactus, beyond the twin volcanoes that were once prince and princess, under the sky and on the earth lived the woman Soledad and the man Narciso.â€"CARAMELO by Sandra Cisneros ? #caramelo #sandracisneros #bookquotes #mexicocity #mexicanliterature #booksaboutmexico #goodbooks #bookrecommendation #booksandflowers A post shared by Leah Rachel von Essen (@whilereadingandwalking) on Jan 30, 2019 at 8:42am PST Malinche by Laura Esquivel, translated by ernesto mestre-reed I would have read this one in Mexico City if I could have found it on the shelves of my local bookstore in time. The author of Like Water for Chocolate writes about Malinalli, a member of a tribe conquered by Aztec warriors who was the interpreter for and then lover of Hernán Cortés when he first arrived. Esquivel writes the story of one of the most controversial figures in Mexico Cityâ€"she has been painted as a traitor, a victim, and more. Esquivel tries to give her a voice in this novel. The Story of My Teeth by Valeria Luiselli, translated by christina Macsweeney This one is high on my to-read list. The main character is an older world traveler, auctioneer, and collector of famous peoples teeth. Luisellis book was named one of the best books of 2015 by a ton of different outlets (including NPR, Kirkus, Publishers Weekly, and The New York Times), and its all set in the industrial suburbs of Mexico City. Like  Malinche, this was one of the three novels I set up as an option for my main book to take with me to Mexico City, as its supposed to be absolutely superb. Non-Fiction The Labyrinth of Solitude by Octavio Paz This one is for the philosophers or non-fiction lovers. Its for people who arent afraid to dig deep even in their vacation reading. 1990 Nobel Prize for Literature winner Octavio Paz digs in this essay collection into Mexicos quest for identity, seeking in poetic and intellectual prose to examine Mexicos people and their character and culture, defining a country hidden behind a mask, a solitude. I bought this book at a bookstore in the city, and have been slowly working through it since. Its fascinating and beautiful, and Im enjoying Pazs interpretations so far. View this post on Instagram I purchased El Diario de Frida Kahlo at Centro Cultural Elena Garro in Mexico City. I thought it was a good book to struggle through in Spanishâ€"it felt right to read Kahlos entries in her original language. And I had just become entranced with her at Casa Azul, the Frida Kahlo museum, so I was ready to learn more. Its now on my to-read stack. ? #eldiariodefridakahlo #mexicocity #centroculturalelenagarro #spanishbooks #booksintranslation #fridakahlo #casaazul #literarytravel #coyoacán #thediaryoffridakahlo A post shared by Leah Rachel von Essen (@whilereadingandwalking) on Jan 29, 2019 at 12:15pm PST The Diary of Frida Kahlo: An Intimate Self-Portrait One of the best stops on my Mexico City trip was Casa Azul, the house where Frida Kahlo grew up, learned to paint, and later lived with Diego Rivera. Its a stunning museum, and her diary, which I bought in Spanish, is gorgeous and an intimate look into her life, her wonderings, and her pain, that serves as excellent accompaniment to the museum and its revelations. Its a heavier hardcover, so maybe this is one to read before or after your trip; that said, having it to dig into just after Id visited the museum was really wonderful, and the museum even references the diary at one point while showing her color palette. Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs by Michael D. Coe and Rex Koontz I recommend catching up on Mexican history in advance as much as possible. A lot of the museums I went to, from the Museum of Anthropology to the ruins themselves at Teotihuacán, understandably did not have substantiative captions or descriptions in English. I did much of my reading online, but I think it would be a good idea to read up on history both about the ancients Fire Blood: A History of Mexico by T.R. Fehrenbach and even more importantly about modern Mexican history. I learned from talking to fellow tourists at Chapultepec Castle that so few people know much of anything about Mexican history after Cortés arrived! I dont have a personal recommendation here because I just read as much as I could online, but I really encourage you to read up in advance, on the revolution, the viceroys, on Díaz, and more. This book covers up to the mid-1990s. View this post on Instagram My decongestants buried my sinuses in a dry heap of sand today, so Im distracting myself from the cold outside, and from my headache, by burying myself in my plans for Mexico City instead. Only two weeks now to wait! ? #mexicocity #bookishtravel #literarytravel #travelbooks #downanddeliriousinmexicocity #danielhernandez #lonelyplanet #atlasobscura #travellove #wintergetaway A post shared by Leah Rachel von Essen (@whilereadingandwalking) on Jan 5, 2019 at 12:18pm PST Down Delirious in Mexico City: The Aztec Metropolis in the 21st Century by Daniel Hernandez I read this book as I prepared my trip to Mexico City. Hernandez, a Mexican-American, visits the City and finds himself unable to leave. He writes about subcultures and religious or spiritual cults in Mexico City in the early 2000s, using immersive journalism and interviews to report in a very personal way about groupsâ€"from the punk culture in the city and how it had to go underground for a long time, to the fashion and party culture and the ways it can go wrong. I loved this book. For me, it was a way to learn more about the sides of Mexico City I was unlikely to see or read about on my trip, and I appreciate the way it filled in some of the blank spaces. What other recommendations do you have for me about Mexico City? Let me know in the comments!

Differences Between Hills and Mountains

Hills and mountains are both natural land formations that rise out of the landscape. There is no universally accepted standard definition for the height of a mountain or a hill, and this can make it difficult to differentiate between the two. Mountain Versus Hill There are characteristics that we typically associate with mountains; for example, most mountains have steep slopes and a well-defined summit while hills tend to be rounded. This, however, is not always the case. Some mountain ranges, such as the Pocono Mountains in Pennsylvania, are geologically old and are therefore smaller and more rounded than more classic mountains such as the Rocky Mountains in the western United States. Even leaders in geography, like the United States Geological Survey (USGS), do not have an exact definition of a mountain and a hill. Instead, the organizations Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) uses broad categories for most land features, including mountains, hills, lakes, and rivers. Though no one can agree on the heights of mountains and hills, there are a few generally accepted characteristics that define each. Defining the Height of a Mountain According to the USGS, up until the 1920s, the British Ordnance Survey defined a mountain as a geographic feature rising higher than 1,000 feet (304 meters.) The United States followed suit and defined a mountain as having a local relief higher than 1,000 feet. This definition, however, was dropped in the late 1970s. There was even a movie about the battle over mountain and hill. In  The Englishman That Went Up a Hill and Down a Mountain  (1995, starring Hugh Grant), a Welsh village challenged cartographers attempts to classify their mountain as a hill by adding a pile of rocks to the top. What is a Hill? In general, we think of hills as having a lower elevation than a mountain and  a more rounded/mound shape than a distinct peak. Some accepted characteristics of a hill are: A natural mound of earth created either by faulting or erosionA bump in the landscape, rising gradually from its surroundingsLow altitude and elevation, often less than 984-1,968 feet (300-600 meters)A rounded top with no well-defined summitOften unnamedEasy to climb Hills may have once been mountains that were worn down by erosion over many thousands of years. Contrariwise, many mountains—such as the Himalayas in Asia—were created by tectonic faults and would have, at one time, been what we might now consider hills. What is a Mountain? Though  a mountain is typically taller than a hill, there is no official height designation. An abrupt difference in local topography is often described as a mountain, and such features will often have  mount  or mountain in their name; examples include Mount Hood, Mount Ranier, and Mount Washington. Some accepted characteristics of a mountain are: A natural mound of earth created by faultingA very steep rise in the landscape that is often abrupt in comparison to its surroundingsHigh altitude and elevation, often higher than 1,968 feet (600 meters)A steep slope and a defined summit or peakOften has a nameDepending on the slopes and elevation, mountains can be a challenge to climb Of course, there are exceptions to these assumptions and some features that would otherwise be called mountains have the word hills in their name. For instance, the Black Hills in South Dakota can also be thought of as a small, isolated mountain range. The highest peak is Harney Peak at 7,242 feet of elevation and 2,922 feet of prominence from the surrounding landscape. The Black Hills received their name from the Lakota Indians who called the mountains  Paha Sapa, or black hills.

Essay about My Communication Skills - 751 Words

My Communication Skills Improving my communication skills has been a work in progress starting back in the early years of my life. I have always been my own worse critic. Usually beating myself down through interpersonal communication. Now as an adult I have made great improvements but still have trouble dealing with perception and self-image. Not being raised in an environment of positive reinforcement and poor communication in the workplace I have made it a point to change that trait in my own family and professional environment.†¦show more content†¦My goals for improving self-image are first to make the steps to be the person I want to be. Whether it is through exercise or education myself to build up my intellectual strength. Making a self-image inventory, noting those things that I like about myself. The make a list of the negative traits that I want to improve. Changing my focus from negative to positive should help me avoid being depressed. The best thing I can do I recognize my shortcomings but dont dwell on them. A key characteristic in dire need of improvement would be my perception. I was raised in an environment where stereotypes and first impressions were the norm. Expecting certain actions from people based on what Ive heard or seen in the past, not being empathetic in my views. In circumstances like UOP, if a student does not interact or participate at the same level as myself, they would be interpreted as being a procrastinator. I certainly have issues with trust, usually taking a cautious approach to the team atmosphere in fear of not meeting the courses expectations. In the last few classes I have pos ted questions and asked for feedback on peoples expectations in hopes that I can be moreShow MoreRelatedMy Intercultural Communication Skills Of Multicultural Communications2464 Words   |  10 Pagesaspects of childhood that can truly be considered as a gift. 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Here are the descriptions from each interaction.Read MoreImproving My Communication And Listening Skill797 Words   |  4 PagesOn April 18, 2016, I interviewed my Principal at my school in the conference room next to her office. I started interviewing the Principal by asking questions. Throughout the interview, the Principal kept stopping to deal with disciplinary issues (e.g., drug-busted incident, ditching issues, and others).This was part of the interview that I found surprising. She was in and out the conference room dealing with different disciplinary issues. At one point, I had to step out of the conference room soRead MoreMy Best Management Skills Is Communication1209 Words   |  5 PagesI think that one of my best management skills is communication. I am very good at listening to people and then coming up with ideas to help a person become more productive. We probably all know people, either at work or in our personal lives, who are good listeners. No matter what kind of situation I’m in, I believe that I always seem to know just what to say – and how to say it – so that we re not offended or upset. I am caring and considerate, and even if we don t find a solution to our proble mRead MoreAssessing my own communication and interpersonal skills4325 Words   |  18 Pagesï » ¿ I will be assessing my own communication and interpersonal skills in relation to each interaction. Verbal Communication My placement is at a pre-school, I have good verbal communication as I interact well with the children when I am speaking to them I listen to what their saying when they are speaking to me, I keep an open mind and concentrate on the main direction of the children’s message to me, I avoid distractions to make sure I am effectively listening to them at all times, usually the childrenRead MoreMy Communication Skills Of My Life And How They Have Been Developed Essay1257 Words   |  6 Pagescommunicate is a great skill that one can practice every day of our lives. There are several ways or types of communication skills I have learned in this course such as vocally, written, visually, or non-verbally. In this assignment, I am going to write about my communication skills in three periods of my life and how they have been developed. First, I would like to talk about how I was when I was a little. When I was about five or six years’ old, I was spoiled between my family just li ke most ofRead MoreMy Active Experimentation The Skills I Have Learned Through Skill Development Are Communication, Decision Making And Listening Skills1743 Words   |  7 PagesFollowing the Kolbs cycle (1984) for my active experimentation the skills I have learned through skill development are communication, decision-making and listening skills. I could apply the skills I have learned on practice; Communication skills are the verbal and non-verbal exchange which process information between individuals (cited from RCN 2014). Communicational skills whilst on practice are very important as these are used in maintaining the relationship between healthcare professionals andRead MoreEffective Communication Is Enhanced By Good Communication Skills1322 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication involves the exchange of ideas and thoughts between two or more people with the aim of conveying information. Effective communication is enhanced by good communication skills. Good communication skills are important in all walks of life because it enables people to interact and convey information in an effective manner. For example, a doctor requires good communication skills in order to get the needed information from a patient. Failure to portray good communication skills by the doctorRead MoreReflection On My Learning Skills Development During Th is Semester1266 Words   |  6 Pageslearning skills development during this semester Nurse education comprises of practical and theoretical training offered to student with the aim of preparing them for their roles as nursing professionals. This semester has broadened my learning skills, approaches and strategies. My expectations was to develop effective communication skills needed in the nursing profession besides effective learning strategies and approaches that will aid in the completion of my nursing program. I believe that my expectationsRead MoreA Research On Operative Communication Skills1374 Words   |  6 Pagesliteracy, both verbal and numerical, and communication skills.† This recommendation is one that I utilize in all areas of my life: professional, personal, private, and educational. Despite the conditions it is safe to say that operative communication skills are indispensable in any situation. There is no general agreement on what skills are essentially needed to guarantee successful communication, nor is there a definite way to regulate whet her those skills are being refined. With that being said

Terrorist and Assassins Free Essays

For my research project, I plan to study the influence of Terrorist and Assassins and their Motives are Harmful to Society. Many different reasons inspire terrorists and assassins. The characteristics of them are always changing. We will write a custom essay sample on Terrorist and Assassins or any similar topic only for you Order Now Terrorists and assassins are classified into three categories: rational, psychological, and cultural. They are people regularly very common in our society and it is too difficult to identify. This is a very complicated issue but I have concentrated on their motives, I would like to get to the reason for their motives. This research will send a message to us in order to help us understand the motives of the terrorist and assassins. I have already commenced my research on a variety of resources. I am working with the organization of the topic. But to understand the motives we have to study and demonstrate the following: A) Define what a terrorist is and assassins? , B) Terrorist and assassins and their motives, C) There are anything that justifies the terrorists and assassins? D) The effect or damage they cause to society? The main goal for my research is to prove that if there is anything that really justifies the actions of the terrorists and assassins, then they will achieve the motives to harm society. Advertising, as such, is not exactly a goal. Is Indeed half through which expands the cause, accumulate advertising is part of the initial phase in the process of obtaining substantial goals. Their actions have become one of the most powerful influences in our society. I have been searching online and they have several sites that have good information about my topic. Some of the places that described the motives of Terrorist and Murderers are discussed are books, magazines article, newspaper and web sites. A few web sites are: http://www. terrorism. com/,http://projects. wsj. com/murderdata,http://www. timeenoughforlove. org/saved/TerrorismResearchCenterBasics. htm, I will organized all my research notes and work on the final product. How to cite Terrorist and Assassins, Papers

Language planning in south africa free essay sample

Language policy and planning in South Africa must be seen within the context of the countrys sociolinguistic complexity and the relationship between language and a number of serious problems in the country. South Africas sociolinguistic complexity is a function of a number of factors: 1) a multiplicity of languages and cultures; 2) the overlapping demographical and geographical distribution of the countrys major languages; and 3) the politicization of these languages and cultures due to both the colonial past and the policy of apartheid, and the differentiated linguistic manifestation of their politicization (Webb,1994). South Africa is one of the few countries in the world, and the only country in Africa, which has seen, during the 20th Century, the development of a language from one which had no governmental recognition, and existed largely in spoken form, to one in which substantial parts of the government, the national economy, and higher education were run. We will write a custom essay sample on Language planning in south africa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The population of South Africa is not only multiracial but it is also multilingual. It is estimated that about 25 languages are spoken within South Africa’s borders (Mesthrei, 2006). Historical Background In 1924, Afrikaans, a relatively new, hybridized language in use for only about eight years at the time, became one of the official languages of South Africa. Prior to 1924, English was the only official language in South Africa. In 1948, the infamous policy of apartheid became the law of the land in South Africa (De Kadt, 2006). The apartheid ideology called for the division of South Africas people according to their racial/ ethnic group affiliation and geographic residence. As South Africans were increasingly and systematically separated from each other, the apartheid-based idea of nationalism based on language was also promoted. By stressing language and cultural differences among the nations Black population, which includes members of African ethnic groups, persons of mixed race (Coloreds), and immigrants from India, and physically segregating them on the basis of race/ethnicity, the apartheid regime encouraged tribalism and petty factional conflicts. Prior to the 1994 elections, the language of instruction in South Africas schools for English, Afrikaner, Colored, and Indian students was either English or Afrikaans (the two former official languages), with the other official language studied as a subject. African students, however, were instructed in their home or ethnic African languages for the first four years and then allowed to switch to either English or Afrikaans. Of the two, English was almost always the preferred language. In 1976, the South African government passed a ruling to make Afrikaans the second language of instruction in the African schools (De Kadt, 2006). Seventy years after the language of Afrikaans was first granted official status (in 1924), South Africa set off on another unique linguistic journey. This time, in 1994, the country became the location of an effort to develop, simultaneously, nine indigenous African languages, granting all nine, along with English and Afrikaans, equal status (that is, official language status) and proclaiming that education and governmental documentation would be available in all. Those nine indigenous languages include Zulu, Xhosa, Pedi, Tswana, South Sotho, Tsonga, Swati, Venda and Ndebele. These were chosen because the majority of South Africans, probably more than 98%, use one of these languages as their home language or first language. Currently, English is the most visible and audible language at governmental functions, political rallies, administration, and the upper echelons of business and education. On the other hand, Afrikaans and African languages are very much alive on individual radio stations, in music, some newspapers (chiefly Afrikaans, Zulu, and Xhosa), primary education, and, to a lesser extent, on television (Mesthrei, 2006). I feel that the policy of making 9 languages the official languages of South Africa would progress very slowly as it is faced by several issues. Firstly, the cost and complexity of developing nine languages at once far outscales the costs and difficulties faced by the government in 1924 when making Afrikaans one of the official languages. For example, translation of all the government documents, forms and circulars to 11 official languages is an enormous burden that can barely be carried. Also, there is a great difference between the case of Afrikaans and that of the 9 indigenous languages. The political pressures on the government were very different between both cases. In the historical case (of Afrikaans), the governmental recognition of the language was driven by the existence of a politically significant language community. Whereas, in case of the 9 indigenous languages, it was driven by a demand for equality rather than a demand for language development. The political insignificance of these language communities, I believe, is what inhibits the development of the 9 indigenous languages to the level of English and Afrikaans.